How to say Albania in English? Pronunciation of Albania with 4 audio pronunciations, 2 synonyms, 1 meaning, 3 translations, 42 sentences and more for Albania. • Seelrc: Albanian-English dictionary by Leonard Newmark (2005) → online translation: Albanian-English & other languages & web page • Loecsen: Albanian-English common phrases (+ audio) • Goethe-Verlag: Albanian-English common phrases & illustrated vocabulary (+ audio) • LingoHut: Albanian-English vocabulary by topics (+ audio) Translation of 'Albanian National Anthem - Himni i Flamurit' by National Anthems & Patriotic Songs from Albanian to English. Search. Join us. Sign in; ... Languages: native Albanian, fluent Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, English, French, Macedonian, Serbian, Spanish, beginner English, French . LyricsTranslate.com – the world's largest ...Aug 25, 2023 · Kosovo, with its majority of Albanian speakers, primarily uses the Albanian alphabet. The Albanian alphabet is based on the Latin script, which is the same script that you might be familiar with if you’re an English speaker but many other languages use. However, it has been modified to better represent the unique sounds of the Albanian …It wraps us up in its cocoon. And holds us fiercely in its womb. Its fingers spread like fine spun gold. Gently nestling us to the fold. Like silken thread it holds us fast. Bonds like this are meant to last. And though at times a thread may break. A new one forms in its wake. To bind us closer and keep us strong.Named in the Gheg dialect of Albanian, in English, its name literally translates as “poured” or “thrown sand”, referring to the untouched sand dunes and formations along its coastline. Located only 3-4 kilometres from Shëngjin, this beach remains relatively unexplored by the larger population of tourists, revealing a rare and perhaps ...4 days ago · Përshëndetje (Albanian) Translated to English as hello Translate .com Get document translations that have been custom-crafted to fit the needs of your unique industry and culture - in over 110 language pairs!Apr 5, 2024 · English Albanian Pronunciation; I wish you a happy birthday: Ju uroj gëzuar ditëlindjen: Yu uroy gez-oo-ar dit-eh-lind-yen: I wish you 100 years: U bëfsh edhe njëqind vjec: U burfsh edhe nyechin vyech: Happy birthday to you: Shumë urime për ty: Shoom-uh u-ree-meh per too: Congratulations:Oct 19, 2021 · Qumështor is a simple, baked custard dessert, made from just four ingredients: eggs, milk, flour, butter and sugar. Enjoyed in Orthodox neighborhoods in the south-eastern part of the country, qumështor is a traditional dessert that is eaten before the Lent and fasting season begins. Once baked, the custard is served chilled and cut into slices. In Albania, as well as in the rest of the Balkan countries, speaking English outside of the touristic spots is rare, so it is always good to know some basics of the local language. These 100 Most basic Albanian Phrases will make your trip to Albania easier Basic Albanian phrases for greetings. Hello = Tung Albanian meaning: 1. belonging to or relating to Albania, its people, or its language 2. a person from Albania 3. the…. Learn more. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Albanian language, Indo-European language spoken in Albania and by smaller numbers of ethnic Albanians in other parts of the southern Balkans, along the …And another interesting number: In total, the dict.cc website has answered 26,107,000,000 dictionary queries by now, including around 1.4 billion in the last year alone. Many thanks to the contributors making this possible! dict.cc English-Albanian dictionary - Fjalor Anglisht-Shqip - Albanian-English translations.Aug 6, 2023 · Translation for 'Albania' in the free Norwegian-English dictionary and many other English translations.Learn Albanian. LingoHut makes this exotic journey achievable and enjoyable with its customized lessons. In just five minutes a day, you can start building a strong Albanian vocabulary and practice precise …Jan 1, 2024 · Facts about the Albanian language words. First, a few facts about the Albanian language… Albanian is the national language of Albania (obviously). But it’s also an official language in Kosovo and North Macedonia.. Albanian has two main dialects; Gheg and Tosk.In Albania, the Shkumbin river is roughly the dividing line, with Gheg spoken to the … Albanian definition: 1. belonging to or relating to Albania, its people, or its language 2. a person from Albania 3. the…. Learn more. Boycotting Russia, in a UN that is losing credibility – Albanian Post interview with activist Colombe Cahen-Salvador. Heading one of the world’s largest security and peace bodies, while causing the greatest insecurity within Europe ... 1y Albania. 13min. Translate King uses Google transliteration Application Programming Interface (API) as its primary online language translation tool for seamlessly converting English words into Albanian. This API harnesses the cutting-edge capabilities of Google"s neural machine translation, allowing for the transformation of sentences into over 100 languages ...Jan 18, 2024 · English volume_up Albania does not do what it has to do because it has to draw closer to Europe. more_vert. open_in_new Link to source; warning Request revision; English volume_up We all know that Albania faces acute problems, both as a country and as a society. more_vert.Albania with Total Energy from Renewables 1452. 4. CoE Parliamentary Assembly Votes Pro Kosovo's Membership 1418. 5. 'Hydrocarbon Deal with Shell Is in Force' 1402. …Many languages, particularly small ones, have been affected by English, and Albanian is not an exception. Kosovo is the newest country in the world with a population of just under 2 million, of whom 93% are ethnic Albanian. Albanian is an unaffiliated branch of Indo-European languages (Bopp, 1854), presumed to be the sole survivor of ancient ...Apr 15, 2024 · In the course of the following weeks, we'll delve into particular topics of the new Albania's Income Tax Law which shall be effective from 1 st of January 2024. The new Law No. 29/2023 dated 30 March 2023 will replace the existing Law on Income Tax No. 8438 dated 28 December 1998 which has been applied for 25 years. The approval of the … • Seelrc: Albanian-English dictionary by Leonard Newmark (2005) → online translation: Albanian-English & other languages & web page • Loecsen: Albanian-English common phrases (+ audio) • Goethe-Verlag: Albanian-English common phrases & illustrated vocabulary (+ audio) • LingoHut: Albanian-English vocabulary by topics (+ audio) Learn Albanian. LingoHut makes this exotic journey achievable and enjoyable with its customized lessons. In just five minutes a day, you can start building a strong Albanian vocabulary and practice precise …Named in the Gheg dialect of Albanian, in English, its name literally translates as “poured” or “thrown sand”, referring to the untouched sand dunes and formations along its coastline. Located only 3-4 kilometres from Shëngjin, this beach remains relatively unexplored by the larger population of tourists, revealing a rare and perhaps ...Feb 9, 2023 · The tuition fees in Albania differs with the course of study, level of study and university. On average, the tuition fee for a Bachelor’s degree can range from $180 to about $4,450 per year and a masters degree can cost about $6,674 per year. Contact the university you are interested to study in, to know the exact tuition fees.Accessibility for Instructional Design Google Translate is now a form of augmented reality and is adapted for educational purposes. This application provides users with tools to translate between languages and they now include an image option; users take a photograph of a sign, piece of paper, or other form of written text and receive a …Mar 20, 2024 · 2. When listening to recordings of spoken Albanian, I sometimes note what sounds like a retroflex /r/; it's less pronounced than in American English, and seems to occur in syllable codas. Now Albanian phonology resources say the language does have two /r/s, but they're a flap and a trill like in Spanish (and reflected the same way in writing ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Dec 5, 2019 · Albanian Desserts. Shëndetli – A honey nut cake. Kabuni – Fried rice dessert with raisins, salt, sugar, cinnamon, and ground clover. Baklava – While the origins aren’t Albanian, Baklava can be found almost everywhere in the country.Apr 15, 2022 · If you wish to thank the local people, the older people in Albania, your little effort will mean a lot to them. If you wish to say thank you in Albanian, say ‘ Faleminderit ‘. Knowing this word will help you create meaningful bonds with locals in the country. Continue reading to learn more phrases that will allow having deeper connections. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durrës, Vlorë, and Shkodër . In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on the coast. Dec 20, 2022 · Don't hit it with stones. Love her/him like before. Save the love. Save it for your life. (Love her/him) They are breaking up. (Love her/him) Just for a word. They are breaking up, they killed the love.To translate from Albanian to English, enter the text into the top edit window. Click the "Translate" button to start the Albanian to English translation. You will see the translated text in the window below. The service is limited to 5000 characters per translation. Albanian is the official language of the Republic of Albania, as well as the ... Boycotting Russia, in a UN that is losing credibility – Albanian Post interview with activist Colombe Cahen-Salvador. Heading one of the world’s largest security and peace bodies, while causing the greatest insecurity within Europe ... 1y Albania. 13min. Jun 17, 2018 · Albanian English Dictionary. Topics Albanian English Dictionary, Libra Shqip, Ebook Shqip, Shqip, Kosova, Shqipëria Collection librashqip; additional_collections Language Albanian. Albanian English Dictionary. Addeddate 2018-06-17 19:29:02 Identifier AlbanianEnglishDictionary Albanian is an Indo-European language spoken mainly in the Balkan Peninsula by approximately five million people. It is the principal and official language of Albania, the principal and a co-official language of Kosovo (with Serbian), and the principal and co-official language of many western municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia (with ... Albanian has a canonical word order of SVO (subject–verb–object) like English and many other Indo-European languages. Albanian nouns are categorised by gender (masculine, feminine and neuter) and inflected for …Jun 17, 2018 · Albanian English Dictionary. Topics Albanian English Dictionary, Libra Shqip, Ebook Shqip, Shqip, Kosova, Shqipëria Collection librashqip; additional_collections Language Albanian. Albanian English Dictionary. Addeddate 2018-06-17 19:29:02 Identifier AlbanianEnglishDictionaryMar 9, 2023 · This research investigated contrastive perception of L1 phonological categories in Albanian–English bilinguals who returned to Albania after living abroad for over on average a decade. In Standard …The report first provides background information regarding the growing impact of English on the Albanian language during the three time periods under review (early twentieth century until 1960, 1960 to 1990, and 1990 to the present day). This is followed by an account of the data and the methods applied in the research. Subsequently, the ...Albanian, one of the oldest Indo-European languages still in use. 31/07/2023 ‘Give Peace A Chance’, Serbian fans mock US military interventions. 18/03/2022. USA/ Wife of Albanian-American announces her candidacy …Apr 9, 2024 · English loanwords in Albanian lan-guage. European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research, 7(1), 123-128. 3 Mateo, M. A. (2010). Anglicisms and their impact on other languages. English ...INFUSE. Today’s 526 jobs in Golem, Tirana, Albania. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. New Golem, Tirana, Albania jobs added daily.Albania pronunciation. How to say Albania. Listen to the audio pronunciation in English. Learn more. • Seelrc: Albanian-English dictionary by Leonard Newmark (2005) → online translation: Albanian-English & other languages & web page • Loecsen: Albanian-English common phrases (+ audio) • Goethe-Verlag: Albanian-English common phrases & illustrated vocabulary (+ audio) • LingoHut: Albanian-English vocabulary by topics (+ audio) In English it is mostly used as “y” (yell, yes etc.) and “u” (fusion, accumulate etc.), while in Albanian it is represented by the letter “j”. Distinct consonants of English Voiceless /x/ Voiced loch English has 44 phonemes of which 25 are consonants. There are 2 English consonants that are distinct from Albanian (Table 2).Translation of 'Albanian National Anthem - Himni i Flamurit' by National Anthems & Patriotic Songs from Albanian to English. Search. Join us. Sign in; ... Languages: native Albanian, fluent Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, English, French, Macedonian, Serbian, Spanish, beginner English, French . LyricsTranslate.com – the world's largest ...Albanian phrases to know. To help prepare you for your trip to Albania, I’ve made a list of …Most Popular Phrases for Albanian to English Translation. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between …Albanian (shqip / gjuha shqipe) Albanian is an Indo-European language which forms its own branch in the Indo-European family and has no close relatives. It is spoken by about 7.6 million people, mainly in Albania and Kosovo, and also in parts of Italy, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania and Serbia.Dec 5, 2019 · These 15 Albanian Words will instantly make you understand the local culture better, and no matter if you’re moving or traveling to Albania as a foreigner, these words in Albanian will sure come in handy.. The younger generation generally speaks English, but not everyone is fluent, so it’s always a good idea to learn some basic Albanian phrases. ...Mar 7, 2024 · The best way to learn to speak Albanian is to actually speak it, out loud, in real life, on a regular basis! This may sound scary, but you can work up to it in increments. First, you will want to master some basics, using a course or watching a series of YouTube videos to understand basic grammar and vocabulary.2 days ago · The vegetarian version is the same, but without the lamb. 23. Qifqi (Vegetable Risotto Balls) This is a dish which comes from the UNESCO city of Gjirokastër (only an hour from Saranda). If you want Albanian vegetarian food, this traditional Albanian food is essentially vegetable risotto balls.The regular and irregular plural formation of nouns in Albanian and English language: a). By suffixes ; Albanian English Dyqan- dyqane bed – beds shall– shalle boy – boys mbret-mbretë bell-bells b). By sound change; Albanian English Zog-zogj crisis- crises Peshk-peshq woman – women Shekull-shekuj goose – geese c) By sound change and ...Sep 14, 2023 · Essential Greetings. If you’re visiting Albania, knowing a few essential greetings will help you connect with the locals and show them your appreciation for their culture. Here are some phrases to get you started: For good morning, say mirëmëngjesi. For good afternoon, say mirëdita. For good evening, say mirëmbrëma.The regular and irregular plural formation of nouns in Albanian and English language: a). By suffixes ; Albanian English Dyqan- dyqane bed – beds shall– shalle boy – boys mbret-mbretë bell-bells b). By sound change; Albanian English Zog-zogj crisis- crises Peshk-peshq woman – women Shekull-shekuj goose – geese c) By sound change and ...Sep 14, 2023 · Essential Greetings. If you’re visiting Albania, knowing a few essential greetings will help you connect with the locals and show them your appreciation for their culture. Here are some phrases to get you started: For good morning, say mirëmëngjesi. For good afternoon, say mirëdita. For good evening, say mirëmbrëma.22 hours ago · This location has a lot to offer for international students, including world-class universities and exciting student experiences. Out of 5 universities in Albania, University of Tirana and Agricultural University of Tirana are the top-performing schools in Albania. This list covers both public and private institutions in Albania.Mar 7, 2024 · The best way to learn to speak Albanian is to actually speak it, out loud, in real life, on a regular basis! This may sound scary, but you can work up to it in increments. First, you will want to master some basics, using a course or watching a series of YouTube videos to understand basic grammar and vocabulary.Feb 10, 2023 · How does the Albanian alphabet and spelling compare with the English language? There is one letter in the English alphabet missing in Albanian: 1- (W – w) There are two additional characters not found in English: 1- (Ç – ç) Ç => alt + 128; ç => alt + 135. 2- (Ë – ë) Ë => alt 0203; ë => alt + 137. There are nine compound letters ...Oct 22, 2018 · 2016-07-22. Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998, as amended 2016) (excerpts related to the state of emergency) (English) 2021-08-21. Constitution of the Republic of Albania (1998, amended 2015) (excerpts related to right to a Fair trial) (English) 2015-12-17. Show all 9 more documents.Translate King uses Google transliteration Application Programming Interface (API) as its primary online language translation tool for seamlessly converting English words into Albanian. This API harnesses the cutting-edge capabilities of Google"s neural machine translation, allowing for the transformation of sentences into over 100 languages ... Boycotting Russia, in a UN that is losing credibility – Albanian Post interview with activist Colombe Cahen-Salvador. Heading one of the world’s largest security and peace bodies, while causing the greatest insecurity within Europe ... 1y Albania. 13min. Jan 27, 2022 · Choose from over 9 Albanian tutors. Use filters to narrow your search and find the perfect fit. 2. Book your first lesson. Find the perfect time in your schedule and connect with your tutor in our virtual classroom. 3. Subscribe and learn regularly. Get a subscription and build a learning habit!Sep 2, 2021 · I give you this life of mine. I'm only with you my love. I give you this life of mine. I'm only with you my love. (Come on Albanian) My love. My love. Gimi, Gimi Gimi-o. Thanks!INFUSE. Today’s 526 jobs in Golem, Tirana, Albania. Leverage your professional network, and get hired. New Golem, Tirana, Albania jobs added daily.This English to Albanian tool uses the world's best machine algorithm powered by Google, Microsoft, and Yandex. When you write English text in the input box and click the translate button, a request is sent to the Translation engine (a computer program) that translates English text to Albanian text.Albanian > English * Automatic machine translation can enable you to understand a piece of foreign text, but is rarely accurate or reliable and is no substitute for a human translator. albanés Dictionary (monolingual)Translation of 'Albanian National Anthem - Himni i Flamurit' by National Anthems & Patriotic Songs from Albanian to English. Search. Join us. Sign in; ... Languages: native Albanian, fluent Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, English, French, Macedonian, Serbian, Spanish, beginner English, French . LyricsTranslate.com – the world's largest ...i see red and black, i live and die red and black. i breathe red and black i believe red and black. i live where the song is given as a call. like in the battlefield, like a birth and a burial. where the eagle lands, claws its nails and sits on the land. where the word is heavy (what you say matters) you can't just use "ok". where the lines on ...Dec 26, 2020 · Anxhela Peristeri: The “Karma” lyrics portray a woman in a crisis she’s brought on herself. December 26, 2020. by William Lee Adams. Earlier this week she won Albania’s Festivali i Këngës. And shortly after stepping off the outdoor stage in Tirana’s Italia Square, Anxhela Peristeri headed to the FiK59 after-party where, away from ... Opposition MPs Climbed through Windows to Enter Assembly Offices. Tirana-Besiktas Match Suspended Due to Incidents. Strong Security Measures for Bill Clinton's Visit in Tirana Opposition MPs Climbed through Windows to Enter Assembly Offices. Tirana-Besiktas Match Suspended Due to Incidents. Strong Security Measures for Bill Clinton's Visit in Tirana Berliner (midi) format Albanian language newspaper based in Tirana, Albania. Gazeta 55 distributed in Albania and Greece. Tirana Times. Albanian first weekly English-language newspaper. The newspaper covering Albania and the Balkans Peninsula. 24 ore lajme. 24 hrs news source in Albanian-language. Vetevendosje; Ballkan; Albanian Daily News (ADN) Oct 19, 2021 · Fërgesë Tirane. Fërgesë Tirane is one of Albania’s national dishes – a type of vegetable tray-bake, consisting of baked vegetables and salted cheese for a rich, creamy texture.Originating in the Albanian capital of Tirana, the dish traditionally uses bell peppers, onions, tomatoes, locally made salted cottage cheese (or feta cheese as a substitute), …Albania definition: 1. a country in southeastern Europe 2. a country in southeastern Europe. Learn more.Aug 25, 2023 · Kosovo, with its majority of Albanian speakers, primarily uses the Albanian alphabet. The Albanian alphabet is based on the Latin script, which is the same script that you might be familiar with if you’re an English speaker but many other languages use. However, it has been modified to better represent the unique sounds of the Albanian … Following the events of the Balkan wars and World War I, the Bashkimi variant dominated. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today. The digraphs of the Albanian alphabet are the letters Dh, Gj, Ll, Nj, Rr, Sh, Th, Xh, and Zh. Dec 26, 2020 · Anxhela Peristeri: The “Karma” lyrics portray a woman in a crisis she’s brought on herself. December 26, 2020. by William Lee Adams. Earlier this week she won Albania’s Festivali i Këngës. And shortly after stepping off the outdoor stage in Tirana’s Italia Square, Anxhela Peristeri headed to the FiK59 after-party where, away from ...Translations from dictionary Albanian - English, definitions, grammar. In Glosbe you will find translations from Albanian into English coming from various sources. The …Shërbimi i Google, i ofruar pa pagesë, përkthen në çast fjalë, fraza dhe sajte uebi mes anglishtes dhe mbi 100 gjuhëve të tjera.1 day ago · Ministry of Justice, Zogu I Boulevard, Tirana, Albania. +355 4 2240 333. +355 68 8046 000. [email protected]. Opposition MPs Climbed through Windows to Enter Assembly Offices. Tirana-Besiktas Match Suspended Due to Incidents. Strong Security Measures for Bill Clinton's Visit in Tirana Paste or Type Albanian and instantly get Albanian to English translation Online. You need an online machine translator to quickly translate Albanian to English. We hope that our …4 days ago · English Albanian; Hello/hi: Të fala Çkemi Përshëndetje Tungâtjeta (Tung) Good day: Mirëdita: Good morning: Mirëmëngjes: Good afternoon: Mirëdita: How to say “hello/hi” in Albanian. One of the most common greetings in Albanian is “tungjatjeta”, which can be used for both hello and goodbye. It literally means “long life to you ...Shërbimi i Google, i ofruar pa pagesë, përkthen në çast fjalë, fraza dhe sajte uebi mes anglishtes dhe mbi 100 gjuhëve të tjera.
Jun 17, 2018 · Albanian English Dictionary. Topics Albanian English Dictionary, Libra Shqip, Ebook Shqip, Shqip, Kosova, Shqipëria Collection librashqip; additional_collections Language Albanian. Albanian English Dictionary. Addeddate 2018-06-17 19:29:02 Identifier AlbanianEnglishDictionary. Msn solitaire
Albanian <> English online translation. Albanian <> English dictionary, monolingual Albanian dictionary and other resources for the Albanian language. Albanian to English Translation tool includes online translation service, English text-to-speech service, English spell checking tool, on-screen keyboard for major languages, …1. Simply upload a English or Albanian document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from English and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate English documents to Albanian in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ...2 days ago · English, Italian and Greek (mostly in the south) are widely spoken in Albania. The currency of Albania is Lek. One Euro equals ~120 Lek. The capital of Albania is Tirana. The local name of Albania is ‘Shqiperia’, which can be translated to ‘Land of the Eagles’. The emblem on Albania’s flag comprises a two-headed eagle.How to pronounce Albania. How to say Albania. Listen to the audio pronunciation in the Cambridge English Dictionary. Learn more.How do I use the English to Albanian translation tool? Using our English to Albanian translation tool is easy. Simply enter the text you want translated into the designated input field, select the source and target languages, and click the 'Translate' button. You'll receive your translation in a matter of seconds.Apr 8, 2024 · Albanian language, Indo-European language spoken in Albania and by smaller numbers of ethnic Albanians in other parts of the southern Balkans, along the east coast of Italy and in Sicily, in southern Greece, and in Germany, Sweden, the United States, Ukraine, and Belgium.Albanian is the only modern representative of a distinct branch of the Indo … English to Albanian translation service by ImTranslator will assist you in getting an instant translation of words, phrases and texts from English to Albanian and other languages. Free Online English to Albanian Online Translation Service. The English to Albanian translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. 6 days ago · HowToPronounce.com is a free online audio pronunciation dictionary which helps anyone to learn the way a word or name is pronounced around the world by listening to its audio pronunciations by native speakers. Learn how to correctly say a word, name, place, drug, medical and scientific terminology or any other difficult word in English, …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. mirëmëngjes, Mirëdita, mirë mëngjés are the top translations of "good morning" into Albanian. Sample translated sentence: We only just finished saying good morning. ↔ Ne vetëm përfunduam vetëm duke thënë se Mirëmëngjes. (by extension, humorous) used to greet someone who has just awakened (irrespective of the time of day). Apr 16, 2024 · English language schools, international schools and other institutions offering English language courses in Albania. Following the events of the Balkan wars and World War I, the Bashkimi variant dominated. The Bashkimi alphabet is at the origin of the official alphabet of the Albanian language in use today. The digraphs of the Albanian alphabet are the letters Dh, Gj, Ll, Nj, Rr, Sh, Th, Xh, and Zh. Oct 19, 2021 · Fërgesë Tirane. Fërgesë Tirane is one of Albania’s national dishes – a type of vegetable tray-bake, consisting of baked vegetables and salted cheese for a rich, creamy texture.Originating in the Albanian capital of Tirana, the dish traditionally uses bell peppers, onions, tomatoes, locally made salted cottage cheese (or feta cheese as a substitute), ….